Obesity is a fast becoming a major public health problem. The exact etiology of obesity still remains obscure. It is mainly caused by a combination of genetic factors, inappropriate eating habits and reduced physical activity. Besides these, dysregulation of many hypothalamic mechanisms controlling energy intake and energy expenditure have been shown in progression of obesity. Drug therapy should be used as an aid to behavioural modification, exercise and diet in the management of obesity.

Clinical isolates (50) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients suffering various infections at different teaching hospital in Baghdad\ Iraq. These isolates were diagnosed using the API 20E followed by genotypic detection by amplifying the house keeping gene rpsI . Results of aminoglycoside resistance using the two fold serials dilution method revealed that all the isolates conferring multidrug resistance and the highest resistance were against kanamycin followed by gentamicin , paromomycin while the lowest was against amikacin . Highly resistant P.aeruginosa isolates (28) were selected to determine aminoglycoside resistance mediated by mexXY efflux system using PCR . Two efflux pump genes were amplified ,the mexX (326 bp)and mexY (250 bp) , Out of 28 P.aeruginosa isolates ,25(89.5%) gave positive results for mexX gene for to mexY gene and only 8(28%) gave positive results. Which may indicate the prevalence of this type of resistance in the current isolated bacteria.

Objectives: To perform stability indicating analytical method development and validation of Lafutidine in tablet dosage form by reverse phase HPLC method. Materials and Methods: The method was developed employing isocratic RP-HPLC and validated for assay of Lafutidine in tablet dosage form. The method employs the use of a UV detector. Results: The developed assay method was found to be accurate, precise, reproducible and robust and was linear over a concentration range of 20-100μg/mL. Conclusion: The developed method was tried for its applicability in stability indicating assay. Various stress studies were carried out and the method was able to estimate Lafutidine, but was unable to estimate the degradation products of acid and alkaline stress conditions. The method was able to quantify degradation products in oxidative stress conditions.

To review natural products possessing antioxidant activity and correlate them with their pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: The information was gathered from standard journals, text books and short articles published by reputed journals and publishers. Results: The results shows that all the 13 compounds selected were very good free radical scavengers with diverse pharmacological activity. Even though molecular mechanisms are different for different compounds, free radical scavenging can be a marker for a natural product with which we can get a glimpse of possible pharmacological activity. Conclusion: At present only a few natural products are explored for their antioxidant activity. With the background of established products, a paradigmic shift is required in the natural product research. This will create newer opportunities for the young researchers. The possible toxicity of synthetic drugs can be overcome by using plant products.

To evaluate the anti-cancer potential of the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan. Methods: The extraction of the plant material was done using ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Cytotoxicity evaluated using MTT assay. Apoptosis potential was evaluated by cell cycle analysis and Hoechst staining techniques. In vivo anticancer evaluation performed by the Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma model and anti-inflammatory study performed using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Results: Methanol and water extracts exhibited marked cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines such as HeLa, MDA MB, A 549, and HCT-15 in the MTT assay. An evaluation of the apoptotic potential of the water extract on HeLa cells also was performed using flow cytometry and Hoechst staining techniques. The DNA histograms obtained from the cell cycle analysis were apoptotic in nature and the fluorescent microscopic picture revealed the condensation and fragmentation of the nuclei in the treated cells. The in vivo study in albino mice using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model resulted in an increase in the life span. Conclusion: The water extract obtained from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan has shown promising cytotoxic and apoptotic potential. The in vivo anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract were also promising.

Objective:The aim of the study is to determine the incidence of UTI in children between 2 months - 5 years age in the Swaeb and Al moasalat district and its relation with the socio-economic status (SES) of family.Throughout childhood; the risk of having UTI is 2% in males, 8% in females and the prevalence of UTI vary with sex and age It is greater in younger age with a rate of nearly 7% among febrile newborn. UTI can lead to serious kidney damage when associated with urinary obstruction or renal papillary damage.SES is usually measured by determining education, income, occupation or a composite of these dimensions. However, education is usually the commonly used measure of SES in epidemiological studies. Methods: The study included 150 children, 101 females and 49males.Their ages were between 2 months - 5years . complaining from signs and symptoms of UTI during the period of November 2012 - January 2013. urine specimens were obtained from patients sent to the laboratory for UA. Only cases diagnosed as UTI by urine analysis were sent to do culture on the same day Demographic data of age, sex and socioeconomic status obtained through self-administered questionnaires . Results:our study revealed high rate of infection in female ,of 36(35.6) had pyuria , 35(34.6) with positive culture while25 (51%) of49male had pyuria only 23 (46%) with positive culture. five different micro organism where isolated from 58 positive culture included Escherichia coli in 50.1%.klebsiella pneumonia20.7%.proteus mirabilis10.3%.staph aureus10.3% high rate of UTI cases for the low SES and rural areas . this increased rate of cases compared with the actual number of people living in these areas indicates no significant relationship between SES and UTI. highest rate of UTI cases found in the rural district 17 (number of people 3400) compared with other districts of different SE levels in the city. Conclusion: malnutrition, poor hygiene, and low socioeconomic level are risk factors for developing UTI. These factors are usually found in rural areas. Therefore, it is recommended to raise health awareness for the families in rural areas regarding general hygiene.

The traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts. This type of study provides the health service at affordable cost. Since, the plant possess many medicinal properties, the present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals in the extract of Mikania cordifolia leaves. Methods: The leaves were collected and extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out consciously according to standard procedures. Results: Tannins, flavonoids, saponins and gums were found to be present in the extract. Various biological effects of this plant may be attributed to the phytoconstituents present in the extract. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study suggest that the extract of Mikania cordifolia plant possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-nociceptive properties.